Spartan Luminol - Revision history

imported>Stwikiadmin at 18:01, 18 August 2016

2016-08-18T18:01:54Z

imported>Stwikiadmin at 19:13, 11 July 2016

2016-07-11T19:13:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, 11 July 2016
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	== Why This Works ==		== Why This Works ==
	<!--		<!--
	~~''Chemilluminescence'' is when a chemical reaction produces light without being hot.~~
	~~'''''COMING SOON'''''~~
	===Short Explanation===		===Short Explanation===
	~~This~~ is ~~where you would provide~~ a ~~basic, easy-to-understand explanation of the demonstration~~. ~~Try~~ not to ~~use too much "Science Jargon"~~, ~~and if needed add any explanation tips~~, ~~like comparing~~ the ~~demo~~ to ~~something kids~~ are familiar with.		''Chemilluminescence'' is when a chemical reaction produces light. The reaction does not have to emit heat, like when a reaction creates fire, but it still gives off light without being hot. For our reaction, we have a luminol solution reacting with a hydrogen peroxide solution. the hydrogen peroxide reacts with the luminol and causes it to release energy, and it does so by emitting light. This kind of reaction is not very common in chemistry, but it is a reaction that we are all pretty familiar with. Glow sticks use a luminol reaction, by having the two solutions mix together in a small sealed tube. Fireflies, or lightning bugs, also use chemilluminescence to create their lights in order to communicate and find each other!

	===Full Explanation===		===Full Explanation===

imported>Stwikiadmin at 18:38, 21 June 2016

2016-06-21T18:38:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:38, 21 June 2016
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	== Why This Works ==		== Why This Works ==
			<!--
			''Chemilluminescence'' is when a chemical reaction produces light without being hot.
	'''''COMING SOON'''''		'''''COMING SOON'''''
	~~<!--~~ ===Short Explanation===		===Short Explanation===
	This is where you would provide a basic, easy-to-understand explanation of the demonstration. Try not to use too much "Science Jargon", and if needed add any explanation tips, like comparing the demo to something kids are familiar with.		This is where you would provide a basic, easy-to-understand explanation of the demonstration. Try not to use too much "Science Jargon", and if needed add any explanation tips, like comparing the demo to something kids are familiar with.

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	== Additional Information ==		== Additional Information ==

	* This demonstration pairs well the [[~~Fluorescence~~]] demonstration.		* This demonstration pairs well the [[Fluorescent Liquids]] demonstration, as a way to compare the effects.

imported>Stwikiadmin at 16:58, 17 May 2016

2016-05-17T16:58:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:58, 17 May 2016
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	== ~~Age ==~~		{\| class="wikitable" style="color:black; background-color:#ddd; margin-left: auto; float:right"
			\| [[Chemistry]], [[Biology]]:
			\| Chemilluminescence
			\|-
			\| Grade Range:
			\| [[Elementary School]], [[Middle School]], [[High School]]
			\|-
			\| Format:
			\| [[Stage]]
			\|}

	~~Elementary School~~, ~~Middle School~~, ~~High School~~		This space is intended to describe the demonstration that is here. Please use this space to describe in short the demonstration, making sure to mention here if it will require any additional safety equipment or how easily it can be adjusted for varied grade levels.
			Use this page as a base layout for editing the wiki. Feel free to copy the layout onto other pages, and to put the content as needed into the page.
	~~== Format ==~~

	~~Stage Show~~

	== Materials ==		== Materials ==

	A~~-1 and A-2 solutions~~ (~~see below~~)		* 2000 mL Vacuum Flask with Tube Cork
	~~Erlenmeyer flash with sidearm and stopper~~		* Vacuum Pump
	~~Vacuum pump~~		* Spartan "S" Board
			* 500 mL Bottle (for Water)
			;Solution A:
			* Luminol
			* Sodium Carbonate
			* Sodium Bicarbonate
			* Ammonium Carbonate monohydrate
			* Copper (II) Sulfate '''''OR''''' Copper (II) Chloride
			* Water
			* 1000mL Brown Bottle or similar
			;Solution B:
			* Hydrogen Peroxide
			* Water
			* 1000mL Brown Bottle or similar

	== Safety Precautions ==		== Safety Precautions ==

	~~Science Theatre demonstrators must keep~~ the ~~safety~~ of ~~themselves and their audience in mind at all times. All Science Theatre demonstrators must have read through~~ the Safety ~~Training~~ page. The ST Safety Box with first aid kit, fire extinguisher, etc. should always be available to demonstrators. Always wear safety gloves, glasses, and a labcoat if handling chemicals; always perform potentially dangerous demonstrations at a safe distance from the audience; and always keep a very close eye on any volunteers you call from the audience. The chemicals used in this demonstration ~~are safe to go down the drain, as long as you dilute them with water~~.		Please read the Dry Chemical and Liquid Chemical sections of the [[Demonstration Safety]] page before performing this demonstration.

	~~[http~~:~~//www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927263: Sodium Carbonate MSDS]~~		This demonstration requires: Safety Glasses, Gloves

	~~[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId~~=~~9927563: Luminol MSDS]~~		== Demonstration ==

	~~[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId~~=~~9927258: Sodium Bicarbonate MSDS]~~

	~~[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId~~=~~9927072: Ammonium Carbonate MSDS]~~

	~~[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId~~=~~9923597: Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate MSDS]~~

	~~[http~~:~~//www~~.~~sciencelab~~.~~com/msds~~.~~php?msdsId=9923592:~~ Copper (II) Chloride ~~Dihydrate MSDS]~~		;Preparation:
			'''Solution A''': Mix the following chemicals into 500 mL of DI water in order, stirring constantly. Do not add the next chemical until the one prior is fully dissolved. Mix these chemicals either within a dark bottle or in a room with the lights dimmed, as some of them are light sensitive.
			* 4.0g Sodium Carbonate
			* 0.2g Luminol (3-aminophthalhydrazide)
			* 24g Sodium Bicarbonate
			* 0.5g Ammonium Carbonate Monohydrate
			* 0.4g Copper (II) Sulfate '''''OR''''' 0.25g Copper (II) Chloride
			Once all of the chemicals are in solution, add 500mL of DI water to dilute fully. Store in an airtight brown bottle or similar, and label with the Demonstration name, Solution A, and date, as well as your initials.

	~~[http~~:~~//www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924298: 3~~% Hydrogen Peroxide ~~MSDS]~~		'''Solution B''': Dilute 5mL of the 30% Hydrogen Peroxide with 1L of DI water. Store in an airtight brown bottle or similar, and label with the Demonstration name, Solution B, and date, as well as your initials.

	~~== Preparation ==~~		;Presentation:
			# Set up the Spartan "S" board, and connect the single ended tube to the tube cork. Put the tube cork on the vacuum flask, and connect it to the vacuum pump.
			# Show the audience the two solutions, and ask them if they have seen fireflies before. Can anyone guess how a firefly lights up? Explain that there is a chemical reaction, much like the one that will happen between the two solutions you have.
			# Put the double ended tube into the two solutions. Explain that the two chemicals will react when they mix and produce light. Ask for a countdown, and at the end flip the switch on the vacuum pump.
			# Watch as the solutions are pulled through the tubing and start to glow! The vacuum pump will pull the solutions pretty quickly, so make sure to watch the bottles for when they run out.
			# After explaining the demonstration, put both of the ends on the double ended tube into the water bottle. Vacuum the water through the tubing to clean it, and then let the vacuum run for a minute to pull air through and dry the tubing. The end solution can be poured safely down a drain.

	~~Solution A~~-1		== Why This Works ==
			'''''COMING SOON'''''
			<!-- ===Short Explanation===
			This is where you would provide a basic, easy-to-understand explanation of the demonstration. Try not to use too much "Science Jargon", and if needed add any explanation tips, like comparing the demo to something kids are familiar with.

	12.~~0 g sodium carbonate~~, ~~dissolved in 1500 mL~~ of ~~DI water 0~~.~~6 g Luminol (3~~-~~aminophthalhydrazide) THIS COMPOUND IS LIGHT SENSITIVE, THEREFORE STORED IN A PAPER BAG 72.0 g sodium bicarbonate 1.5g ammonium carbonate monohydrate 1~~.~~2g copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate OR 0.75 g of copper (II) chloride dihydrate dilute with DI water~~ to ~~3 L~~		===Full Explanation===
			This is where you will explain the demonstration in full, and provide all additional information that pertains to the demo. Unlike the short explanation above, this should be worded so someone who is familiar with the topics might understand it. If needed, you can provide equations and citations for additional sources of information on the topic. This is also where you will find some answers for trickier questions, such as "How does a plane fly upside-down?" for the Bernoulli's Principle demo. If you want to add a floating box for equations, copy the following:

	~~You~~ will ~~need to shake vigorously or use~~ a ~~stir plate and stir bar to get everything to dissolve~~. ~~Make sure everything dissolves!~~		{\| class="wikitable" style="color:black; background-color:#ddd; text-align: center; margin: auto"
			\| This will give you
	~~Solution A-2~~		\| a floating box.
			\|-
	~~150 mL 3% hydrogen peroxide Dilute to 3 L with DI water~~		\| The box will be
			\| centered for you.
			\|}

	== Demonstration ==		== Demonstration ==
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	Lightning is also a chemiluminescent effect. It is an electrical discharge in the atmosphere that excites electrons in the gas molecules in air, which then fall back down and produce photons. Lightning also dissassociates diatomic nitrogen and oxygen, which can then release photons when they recombine.		Lightning is also a chemiluminescent effect. It is an electrical discharge in the atmosphere that excites electrons in the gas molecules in air, which then fall back down and produce photons. Lightning also dissassociates diatomic nitrogen and oxygen, which can then release photons when they recombine.

			-->
			== Additional Information ==

			* This demonstration pairs well the [[Fluorescence]] demonstration.

imported>Stwikiadmin: Created page with "== Age == Elementary School, Middle School, High School == Format == Stage Show == Materials == A-1 and A-2 solutions (see below) Erlenmeyer flash with sidearm and s..."

2013-09-11T23:57:53Z

Created page with "== Age == Elementary School, Middle School, High School == Format == Stage Show == Materials == A-1 and A-2 solutions (see below) Erlenmeyer flash with sidearm and s..."

← Older revision	Revision as of 23:57, 11 September 2013
(No difference)

imported>Stwikiadmin: Created page with "== Age == Elementary School, Middle School, High School == Format == Stage Show == Materials == A-1 and A-2 solutions (see below) Erlenmeyer flash with sidearm and s..."

2013-09-11T23:57:53Z

Created page with "== Age == Elementary School, Middle School, High School == Format == Stage Show == Materials == A-1 and A-2 solutions (see below) Erlenmeyer flash with sidearm and s..."

New page

== Age ==

Elementary School, Middle School, High School

== Format ==

Stage Show

== Materials ==

A-1 and A-2 solutions (see below)
Erlenmeyer flash with sidearm and stopper
Vacuum pump

== Safety Precautions ==

Science Theatre demonstrators must keep the safety of themselves and their audience in mind at all times. All Science Theatre demonstrators must have read through the Safety Training page. The ST Safety Box with first aid kit, fire extinguisher, etc. should always be available to demonstrators. Always wear safety gloves, glasses, and a labcoat if handling chemicals; always perform potentially dangerous demonstrations at a safe distance from the audience; and always keep a very close eye on any volunteers you call from the audience. The chemicals used in this demonstration are safe to go down the drain, as long as you dilute them with water.

[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927263: Sodium Carbonate MSDS]

[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927563: Luminol MSDS]

[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927258: Sodium Bicarbonate MSDS]

[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927072: Ammonium Carbonate MSDS]

[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9923597: Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate MSDS]

[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9923592: Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate MSDS]

[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924298: 3% Hydrogen Peroxide MSDS]

== Preparation ==

Solution A-1

12.0 g sodium carbonate, dissolved in 1500 mL of DI water 0.6 g Luminol (3-aminophthalhydrazide) THIS COMPOUND IS LIGHT SENSITIVE, THEREFORE STORED IN A PAPER BAG 72.0 g sodium bicarbonate 1.5g ammonium carbonate monohydrate 1.2g copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate OR 0.75 g of copper (II) chloride dihydrate dilute with DI water to 3 L

You will need to shake vigorously or use a stir plate and stir bar to get everything to dissolve. Make sure everything dissolves!

Solution A-2

150 mL 3% hydrogen peroxide Dilute to 3 L with DI water

== Demonstration ==

Use approximately equal amounts of A1 and A2. If taking out into the audience, make sure the solution is stoppered! To run the Spartan S, you need to put one tube into A1 bottle, one tube into A2 bottle (make sure the tubes are clean before you do this, you can run them with water beforehand to make sure). Then, but the stopper on top of a LARGE filter flask and pull a vacuum. WATCH the filter flask to make sure it doesn't get too full of solution. BEFORE you turn off the vacuum, pull out the tubes from A1 and A2, otherwise you will get backwash and it will ruin the rest of your solutions. Put both tubes in a solution of water and pull water through the S to clean it, then pull air.

== What to Say ==

If presented along with several other chemical demonstrations, you may wish to begin by highlighting the novelty of chemiluminesence. Ask the audience what types of things chemical reactions can do. Ask them what types of things they have seen reactions do earlier in your performance, if applicable. They might tell you that reactions can produce heat, as in elephant toothpaste, or eat away at things, as in rip-the-can. Well, chemical reactions can also produce light!

For very young audiences: "Chemiluminescence is a very special type of chemical reaction that produces lots of light. In this case, we are combining a chemical called luminol with one called hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is just the stuff you keep in your bathroom to clean cuts! When you mix these two chemicals, with a few other helper chemicals, the hydrogen peroxide gives energy to the luminol - it makes it excited. It's kind of like how eating a lot of candy gives you energy and makes you bounce around! Luminol is a chemiluminescent chemical, which just means that it likes to get rid of this extra energy by glowing - it makes light!"

This demonstration scales well to more advanced audiences. For high schoolers who may be familiar with the Bohr model, explain how electronic transitions produce photons (see the Why It Is) section and briefly describe why only very special reactions are chemiluminescent.

== Why It Is ==

Chemiluminescence is a rare effect. Most light we see in nature is produced by very hot objects. For instance, the sun and incandescent light bulbs are both very hot objects that emit light through a process called blackbody radiation. In blackbody radiation, thermal energy excites electrons in atoms or molecules to higher energy levels, which then fall back into lower energy levels and use the energy difference to release a photon of light.

Chemiluminescence causes involves transitions causing photons to be released, but the mechanism is very different than blackbody radiation. Rather than heat (thermal energy), chemical reactions provide the energy for electrons to reach higher energy levels in the molecules of a chemiluminescent solution. In this case, the chemical reaction involves the luminol being oxidized by the hydrogen peroxide. A variety of different reactions with luminol can be used, producing different color emission (see Reference 1).

So why don't all exothermic (energy-releasing) reactions produce chemiluminescence? Certain factors must be satisfied. The exothermic reaction must produce a molecule for which excited states can be occupied - not all molecules have these. Moreover, the probability for the molecule to be produced in this excited state must be greater than the probability of it to be produced in the ground state. Finally, the molecule in the resultant solution must be disposed to releasing photons via electronic transitions and must do so at a high rate to produce an easily-visible amount of light. The specific conditions of these characteristics is quite complicated.

Do not confunse chemiluminescence with phosphoresence or fluorescence. In those other processes, light is only emitted following the absorption of light. Phosphorescent or fluorescent reactions do not "glow in the dark," they must be illuminated by photons to then produce photons.

== Real Life Examples ==

Fireflies have enzymes that act on a luciferin substrate to produce their chemiluminescent effect. Many other types of organism, including some bacteria and algea, have similar abilities.

Lightning is also a chemiluminescent effect. It is an electrical discharge in the atmosphere that excites electrons in the gas molecules in air, which then fall back down and produce photons. Lightning also dissassociates diatomic nitrogen and oxygen, which can then release photons when they recombine.